Hollow fiber membranes provide a compelling approach for water treatment applications due to their unique physical characteristics and exceptional efficacy. These membrane structures, composed of ceramic materials, possess a large contact area to volume ratio, enabling efficient separation of contaminants from water. The porous nature of hollow fi

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are gaining popularity in wastewater treatment due to their potential to produce high-quality effluent. A key factor influencing MBR efficiency is the selection and optimization of the membrane module. The configuration of the module, including the type of membrane material, pore size, and surface area, directly impact